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Hello, ITE Pedestrian and Bicycle Council members! Clearly federal transportation reauthorization is the most pressing issue facing our profession today. I hesitate to write about a quickly changing landscape when this newsletter is still three weeks away from publication, but as I write this the second week of June, a conference committee is piecing together elements of a reauthorization bill. Active transportation continues to be under fire as an unnecessary frill - a mere fringe on the edge of the "real" transportation system.
Perhaps Congress should listen to the American people. An America Bikes research report issued this spring shows broad-based support for walking and biking. According to the report, available on the America Bikes website at www.americabikes.org/2012survey, 83 percent of Americans want to maintain or increase funding for pedestrian and bicycle facilities. And that's not just a partisan or urban agenda. It's true among both Republicans and Democrats. Throughout regions of the United States. In urban, suburban, and rural areas. Among all age groups. It turns out that active transportation is one of those rare topics that actually enjoys broad-based support.
As professionals who see the benefits of walking and biking in the communities we serve, we need to spread the message to others. Reach out to your elected officials to ask them support investments in bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure. They create jobs and make our communities better.
Leaving my soap box, I return you to ITE business. Please come to the Annual Meeting in Atlanta, August 12-15. You will not be disappointed! The Pedestrian and Bicycle Council is sponsoring more sessions than ever before, including:
- Innovative Intersection Design
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Complete Streets
- Midblock Crossings at Transit Stops
- Public Health Benefits of Active Transportation
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Innovative Bicycle Treatments
- Separated Bikeways
- Revitalizing Downtowns with Multimodal Solutions
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New Guidelines for Non-Motorized Travel
- Modeling Pedestrian and Bicycle Demand
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Announcements from ITE
 ITE Annual Meeting
Atlanta, GA
Join your peers August 12-15 in Atlanta, GA for the ITE 2012 Annual Meeting and Exhibit. The conference is designed to share knowledge, expertise and ideas on multifaceted approaches to addressing transportation issues and to exploring emerging trends in the industry. The meeting content will include sessions in a mix of presentation and training formats focused on state-of-the practice, advancement of the profession and emerging issues designed to benefit transportation professionals in the public and private sector and students.
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London's Bicycle Superhighways
Submitted by Andy Blanchard
Background:
When Boris Johnson, the Mayor of London, was running for office, he sold himself to the voters as a champion for cyclists. Following his election to the position of Mayor, he charged Transport for London with putting into action a policy that he calls a "Cycle Revolution for London". This policy is comprised of three parts: one is the Cycle Superhighways, with the others being a bicycle share scheme and Biking Boroughs (a program of improvements in outer London aimed at increasing bicycle mode share).
Transport for London (TfL) is the local government agency responsible for key aspects of the regional transport system in Greater London. Its role is to implement the transport strategy of the Mayor and to manage transport services across London.
The overall goal of the Cycle Superhighways project was to increase the number of commuters traveling by bicycle between inner and central London. The principal element of the project was physical improvements to 12 corridors, modeled on the spokes of a bicycle wheel, radiating from central London. In addition to the physical measures, other actions were taken to encourage greater numbers of commuters to cycle - including promotion, training, activities, grants to fund bicycle parking and showers at schools and places of employment along and near the route.
One of the early routes was Route 8, a five-mile stretch between Wandsworth Town Center (a regional hub in southwest London) and the legislative heart of the United Kingdom at the Houses of Parliament beside the River Thames. The principal alignment was pre-selected by officials at TfL and supported by a research study into the potential for new cyclists along alternative alignments.
Preliminary Engineering:
The initial design task undertaken was the Cycle Highway Implementation Plan, or CHIP for short. This plan involved conducting a desk based review of all available data on the route, followed by an extensive group site visit with stakeholders. This group consisted of representatives of those local entities responsible for the operation and maintenance of the roadways along the route alignment and cycling advocacy groups. Through these two tasks, barriers to the safe and efficient movement of bicycles along the route were identified and potential solutions to overcome these barriers were generated, together with an outline cost estimate of the recommended measures.
Typical measures identified for implementation along Route 8 included:
- Replacement of traffic lanes with bicycle lanes in both directions along a 1.5 mile section
- Replacement of a traffic lane with an off-street bicycle path around a busy gyratory
- Striping of five miles of new 5ft wide cycle lanes and widening of one mile of existing cycle lanes to 5ft
- Application of blue surfacing and a series of wayfinding signs and totem structures to brand the route and ensure that it is easy to follow
- Cycle-only phase at existing traffic signals
Consultation with the emergency services and other users of the road network, such as London Buses (a subsidiary of TfL that manages bus services within Greater London) was also completed at this stage, enabling these stakeholders to be made aware of the Cycle Superhighways proposals and allow them to give input to the designs at an early stage. Synergies with other projects were identified early on and allowed additional improvements to be made to the route at no cost to the project, including reprogramming of planned pavement resurfacing and incorporation of safety improvements.
Risks:
The largest risks to the implementation of Route 8 were identified in advance and addressed through early and extensive engagement with the relevant staff and by fast-tracking the design of the most controversial and complex sections of the route. The major risks included:
- Compatibility of proposed road layouts with those planned as part of the Olympic Road Network (critical routes for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London)
- Long delivery times for changes to traffic signals along the route (conflict with existing signal modernization programs and the Olympic Games signal works)
- Review and approval of the proposals from the department charged with maintaining the efficient operation of the road network (Forward Planning)
Detailed Design:
The route was split into 20 sections to enable detailed design work to be progressed simultaneously by a team of seven designers. Additionally, it allowed work on some sections, while other sections were delayed by traffic signal modeling or gaining agreements from local agencies. Construction delivery packs were prepared for each of the 20 sections, and these incorporated a set of detailed plans, utility plans, a sign schedule, a list of quantities, a Designer's hazard register, a Road Safety Audit and a Response Report, as well as traffic control plans (see below). A Road Safety Audit was also carried out at the preliminary design stage and on completion of construction for each of the sections.
Temporary Traffic Control:
Agreement on traffic control layouts proved more contentious than originally estimated. The alignment of Route 8 passed through areas controlled by three different local agencies, so proposed traffic control layouts had to be approved by these agencies, the Metropolitan Police and the body controlling buses in London, along with the strategic oversight of Forward Planning. As a result of consultation with these bodies, the methodology for constructing the different sections was modified on a number of occasions to limit the impact on traffic, and traffic modeling was undertaken to forecast the influence of the construction tasks.
Construction:
The consultancy team also provided site oversight services of the contractor for the client during overnight construction. Although most of the physical construction (e.g. roadway widening, extension of sidewalks and new medians) was undertaken during the off-peak daytime hours (10 a.m. - 4 p.m.), the majority of the surfacing and striping work was completed overnight (9 p.m. - 5 a.m.). The involvement of some of the design team in this oversight role was beneficial as it allowed the contractor to gain a greater understanding of the design and immediate feedback on suggested changes to the design.
Timescale:
Delivery of the design from concept to detailed construction packages was completed in 16 months, with the end of the design process overlapping the start of the construction phase, in order to meet the July 2011 opening date. The contractor was appointed 10 months after the design was started, and this allowed some contractor involvement in the design process. Construction was completed in eight months.
Figure 1: Before and after photos
Wandsworth Bridge Roundabout 
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| York Road junction with Plough Road 
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| York Road approaching Lombard Road 
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| Grosvenor Road 
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| Grosvenor Road junction with Vauxhall Bridge 
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About the author:
Currently working at Atkins (an engineering and design consultancy firm), in their Henderson, Nevada office, Andy moved to the Las Vegas area from the U.K. at the end of 2011. Prior to arriving in the U.S., he worked for the engineering consultancy firm AECOM for more than eight years, and one of the projects he managed during this time was delivery of the design of Cycle Superhighways Route 8.
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Evaluation Of Shared Lane Markings Miami Beach, Florida
Submitted by Xavier Falconi, PE City of Miami PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Background
The City of Miami Beach requested and received permission from the Federal Highway Administration to conduct a pilot study on Washington Avenue to evaluate shared lane markings (sharrows). The University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC) was selected to conduct the evaluation through a contract with the Florida Department of Transportation. The entire length of the Washington Avenue evaluation area, from South Pointe Drive to Dade Boulevard, is about two miles long. This summary is based on the report provided by the University of North Carolina HSRC.
The application of sharrows was initiated as a possible solution to mitigate "dooring" crashes. A "dooring" crash is one that occurs when the door of a parked car opens suddenly into the path of a bicyclist riding in close proximity to the on-street parking lane. The bicyclist can be injured by striking the door or by swerving further into the travel lane and being struck by a passing vehicle. Between 2000 and 2009 (latest data available from the Miami-Dade MPO), 52 bicycle crashes were reported along Washington Avenue between 12th Street and Dade Boulevard (approximately one mile). Of those, at least 11 (21 percent) involved a bicyclist striking the open car door of a parked vehicle.
Washington Avenue is located near the beach on the east side of the City and contains popular tourist destinations, including night clubs, restaurants and shops, attracting a large amount of traffic. The street has a posted speed of 30 mph, with a typical cross-section consisting of an 8-foot parking lane, two 11-foot travel lanes, an 11-foot landscape median, two 11-foot travel lanes, and an 8-foot parking lane. Left turn refuges and traffic signals are provided at various street intersections, with sidewalks, curbs and gutters also included on both sides of Washington Avenue.
The section north of 5th Street to Dade Boulevard is mostly commercial with average daily traffic (ADT) varying between 9,000 and 18,000. The area south of 5th Street to South Pointe Drive is mostly residential with approximately 5,000 ADT.
Study Area
Many taxis operate on the street, and double parking and parked vehicle turnover is frequent. The situation can be challenging for bicyclists when traffic is heavy, and bicyclists frequently ride between vehicles in the travel lane and parked vehicles. There are bicyclist interactions with pedestrians crossing the street at mid-block and intersections. The mix of bicyclists is extremely variable and includes a considerable number of tourists. The cyclist skill level is also variable with a vast majority being recreational bicyclists.
The City decided that the most appropriate placement for the shared lane markings (bike and chevron) was in the middle of the lane near parked vehicles, which would place the center of the marking approximately 13.5 feet from the curb. The City felt that normal spacing of 11 feet from curb next to parked vehicles would not allow enough room for motor vehicles to pass bicycles in the lane next to parking. Middle-of-the-lane placement would allow bicyclists tracking over the markings to be out of the door zone and also to take control of the lane. The block lengths were such that shared lane markings were typically placed near an intersection crosswalk, at mid-block, and near the end of the block. Spacing was approximately 200-250 feet in such a situation. The decision was made to use thermoplastic for the markings.
Summary and Conclusion
The installation of the shared lane markings on Washington Avenue was associated with a variety of results. The chaotic nature of the street in times of busy traffic and the speed of some of the motor vehicles are likely to be factors in producing these results.
Following are some of the evaluation findings:
- The definition of yielding, where a party had to give way to the other, was rather robust. Bicyclist yielding (i.e., changed direction or speed to give way to a motor vehicle) decreased from 8.5 percent in the before period to 2 percent in the after period. Motorist yielding (i.e., changed direction or speed to give way to a bicycle) increased from 4 percent in the before period to 5 percent in the after period. The statistically significant differences were mostly attributable to less bicyclists yielding in the after period.
- Motorists following bicyclists increased from 16.5 percent before to 22 percent after, while motorists passing bicyclists decreased from 34 percent before to 28 percent after. This could indicate a more smoothly flowing traffic stream.
- The percentage of bicycles using the sidewalk decreased from about 55 to 45 percent, and this reduction was statistically significant.
- In examining the motorist responses when there was an interaction with a bicyclist, slowing by motorists increased from 19 percent before to 39 percent after. Moving partway into the adjacent lane decreased from 34 percent before to 30 percent after. Changing lanes decreased from 24 percent before to 17 percent after. Braking decreased from 12 percent before to 4 percent after. Full stops or major direction changes also decreased, but the frequencies were small. Taken together, these changes would represent a safer traffic stream.
There were safety effects associated with the placement of the shared lane markings. Of most importance would be the increase in the percentage of bicyclists riding near the center of the lane and the increase in spacing between bicycles and parked motor vehicles. It is worth mentioning that with this pilot study, the City of Miami Beach pioneered the use of sharrows in South Florida. After the installation on Washington Avenue, other cities in the region have been using them as a tool to expand on their bicycle transportation system.
As a result of a partnership between the City and DecoBike, the very successful Miami Beach Bike Share Program started operating in March 2011. DecoBike users add to mix of riders on Washington Avenue. The program currently provides about 1,000 bikes spread out in approximately 100 stations throughout the City.
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Bicycling In Spain: An Anecdotal Assessment
Submitted by Stan Clauson
I. Introduction
Living in Aspen, Colorado, cycling has become a part of our lifestyle. Whether its mountain or road biking, trails and facilities exist to encourage even the most timid to try this healthy recreation option. In town, year-round cyclists, some with studded snow tires, regularly use cycling to get to work and run errands. So, it seemed natural in planning a trip to Spain to see what is happening with respect to cycling in a country where the famed Vuelta de España race ranks among the top three cycling events worldwide. Our trip included a week of cycling through Andalucia as well as visits to Madrid and Seville, two cities that have stridently developed car-free pedestrian zones. But how well do they accommodate cycling as an alternative mode of transportation and means of recreation? It turns out that these cities could not be more different in this respect, something that no doubt reflects the divergence among U.S. cities as well. In the countryside, some significant efforts are made for cycling safety on rural roads, rails-to-trails is part of the program.
II. A Tale of Two Cities: Madrid and Seville
Madrid has gone a long way toward providing car-free pedestrian zones and pedestrian connectivity. In the city center, most significant plazas are car free, but equally important, linkages between the plazas are car-free as well. Many of the smaller linking streets in the old town do not permit cars, are planted with trees, and have amenities such as benches and outdoor art. Because of the need for delivery access, these streets may see an occasional vehicle, but generally vehicle access appears to be self-policed and quite minimal.
A typical walking street in Madrid
The next level of street is a mixed activity zone. In this case, curbs have been removed and replaced with rows of bollards, spaced one to two meters (three to six feet) apart. Without curbs, there is an easy flow of pedestrians from one side of the street to another. And often groups simply walk down the center, in the vehicle area. There is moderate traffic on these streets, but speeds are generally minimal and vehicles proceed with caution. The narrow path created by the rows of bollards appears quite effective at maintaining a driver perception that speeds should be slow.
Then there are the standard city streets, which carry a substantial amount of traffic, are generally congested, and have numerous roundabouts at major intersections. While these are not bicycle friendly, it is interesting to note that neither are the pedestrian or mixed activity zones. In fact, it was rare to see a bicycle commuter, delivery person, or recreational rider in downtown Madrid. We did take a group bicycle tour of some of the inner city sightseeing venues. This was essentially a group of intrepid inner-city Dutch cyclists, and was led by a tour operator with a flagger front and rear. At one point, one of the tour leaders got into a heated discussion with a pedestrian who felt that bicycles should not be permitted on the walking streets. It was fun, but clearly not part of the inner city culture to be on a bike.
A bike tour group in Madrid's Plaza Santa Ana; safety in numbers
So where do cyclists go in Madrid? Typically, they cycle on the periphery, where 64 kilometers of continuously linked trails have been established through greenbelts and on abandoned rail lines. But our tour guide advised against riding from town to reach these venues, suggesting instead that we put our bikes on the metro or rail lines for the trip out of town. By the way, there were no bike parking facilities or bike sharing racks in the core areas. So, for Madrid, pedestrianization is a priority, cycling is not.
Seville could not have been more different. This city was rife with bike lanes on every major thoroughfare, which were well used. Perhaps this stems from the fact that Seville has a large university population in the city center, but we saw bicyclists of all ages. The bike lanes are more than painted striping. Typically, they consist of an asphalt lane, adjacent but separated from the main roadway by curbing and bollards, sometimes separated by a green parkway. In some cases these bikeways are bidirectional; often they are provided on both sides of the vehicle travel lanes. Crosswalks are a major design issue with this configuration. Cyclists co-mingle with pedestrians at stoplights. Pedestrians are expected to keep clear of the cycling path while waiting at traffic signals, but we observed frequent pedestrian-cyclist conflicts. To cross a street, cyclists are provided with their own signals, separate from the pedestrian signals, and frequently have a tinted asphalt pathway to denote their lane. Bicycle lanes are sometimes routed circuitously through the pedestrian areas within the curb radius, making for a visually complicated zone at each of the four corners of an intersection.
Dedicated bike lane examples in Seville
Incidentally, there was one traffic signal innovation that we found interesting. Along with the numerical crossing countdown indicators, which we found at most intersections, some intersections had countdowns to the beginning of the pedestrian phase. So you knew exactly how long you needed to wait before crossing was permitted. And best of all was an animated "walk" icon, which sped up in animation as the pedestrian phase was ending.
There were frequent bikeshare stations and clearly a great effort to accommodate cyclists in the otherwise busy traffic flow. However, in Seville, the pedestrians got short shrift. While most of the important plazas were car-free, the linkages consisting of narrow streets were not. These streets have more traditional curbed walkways, which sometimes narrowed to nothing as building encroachments changed, forcing the pedestrian into the street or a refuge on the opposite side. Lingering in the plazas was pleasant; moving from venue to venue was a challenge. The absence of bollards, and presence of traditional curb and sidewalk configurations, appeared to empower motorists to higher speeds and less apparent concern for pedestrians.
Bikes share a transitway in Seville
III. Cycling for Sport and Recreation in Rural Areas
In Andalucía, we encountered wonderful side roads, motorists (including trucks) who were very cautious and careful in passing cyclists, and a warning sign to make it clear that cyclists were welcome on the infrastructure. Instead of the standard warning sign in the U.S. with the yellow diamond bicycle icon and diminutive "Share the Road" legend, this is an example of the sign at rural routes that are likely to have cyclists present.
Warning signs for cyclists are big and bold
We also found that rails-to-trails initiatives were attractive to significant numbers of recreational cyclists, although the pavement was more supportive of mountain than road biking. We cycled a 40-km stretch of an even longer converted railway, linking several towns with good signage and amenities along the way. Rural stations along the route had been converted into restaurants and toilet facilities, and wayfinding signage was excellent. This type of cycling appears to be very attractive to families, as it is in the U.S., who appreciated being able to take the children on a cycling experience without any traffic hazards.
The "Vía Verde," a converted rail line for cyclists and pedestrians
Wayfinding Sign along the "Vía Verde"
IV. Conclusion
As with North American cities, and elsewhere in Europe, civic strategies for accommodating pedestrians and cyclists varied significantly with jurisdiction. However, it was clear that Spain had made a significant effort to include cycling among its recreational and tourism opportunities. And in one city, we found that significant efforts had been expended on promoting cycling as a means of urban transportation. While neither of the two urban areas discussed here presented a full complement of what might be called a "Complete Streets" approach in North America, each had made important strides in achieving a balance between vehicular and alternative modes. In the countryside, cycling appeared to be welcomed in ways we have yet to achieve in North America.
About the author: Stan Clauson is a landscape architect and planner with a private practice in Aspen, Colorado. Former planning director for the cities of Montpelier Vermont and Aspen, he is a member of ITE, and frequently works on projects promoting recreational trails and pedestrian zones. With thanks to Bike Spain www.bikespain.info
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