...from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/judystone/2015/02/04/a-dongle-for-detecting-hiv-...
A Dongle For Detecting HIV And Syphilis
Rapid, inexpensive, easy to use point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests are critically important in stemming infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Researchers at Dr. Sam Sia’s Columbia Universityhttp://orion.bme.columbia.edu/~sia/ lab have invented a promising device that can detect both HIV and syphilis and have successfully piloted it in Rwanda.
The Columbia device pairs a microfluidic cassette dongle with a smartphone. Test reagents are preloaded into the cassette. A “one-push” vacuum, like a bulb on an old-fashioned blood pressure cuff, is used to fill the chamber of the cassette with a blood sample, and reduce the need for electricity. Further, the audio jack on a smartphone is used to power the dongle and for data transmission.
[cid:E558023E-BC12-4249-AA10-838DA368784E]Step-by-step illustration of dongle testing. [Credit: Tassaneewan Laksanasopin]
.....from: http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/7/273/273re1 A smartphone dongle for diagnosis of infectious diseases at the point of care
1. • Tassaneewan Laksanasopin1,*, • Tiffany W. Guo1,*, • Samiksha Nayak1, • Archana A. Sridhara1, • Shi Xie1, • Owolabi O. Olowookere1, • Paolo Cadinu1, • Fanxing Meng1, • Natalie H. Chee1, • Jiyoon Kim1, • Curtis D. Chin1, • Elisaphane Munyazesa2, • Placidie Mugwaneza3, • Alex J. Rai4, • Veronicah Mugisha2, • Arnold R. Castro5, • David Steinmiller6, • Vincent Linder6, • Jessica E. Justman7, • Sabin Nsanzimana3 and • Samuel K. Sia1,†
• ↵†Corresponding author. E-mail: ss2735@columbia.edumailto:ss2735@columbia.edu
Abstract
This work demonstrates that a full laboratory-quality immunoassay can be run on a smartphone accessory. This low-cost dongle replicates all mechanical, optical, and electronic functions of a laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without requiring any stored energy; all necessary power is drawn from a smartphone. Rwandan health care workers used the dongle to test whole blood obtained via fingerprick from 96 patients enrolling into care at prevention of mother-to-child transmission clinics or voluntary counseling and testing centers. The dongle performed a triplexed immunoassay not currently available in a single test format: HIV antibody, treponemal-specific antibody for syphilis, and nontreponemal antibody for active syphilis infection. In a blinded experiment, health care workers obtained diagnostic results in 15 min from our triplex test that rivaled the gold standard of laboratory-based HIV ELISA and rapid plasma reagin (a screening test for syphilis), with sensitivity of 92 to 100% and specificity of 79 to 100%, consistent with needs of current clinical algorithms. Patient preference for the dongle was 97% compared to laboratory-based tests, with most pointing to the convenience of obtaining quick results with a single fingerprick. This work suggests that coupling microfluidics with recent advances in consumer electronics can make certain laboratory-based diagnostics accessible to almost any population with access to smartphones.